Department of Commerce v. New York

1. WHETHER THE SECRETARY OF COMMERCE’S DECISION TO ADD A CITIZENSHIP QUESTION TO THE DECENNIAL CENSUS VIOLATED THE ENUMERATION CLAUSE OF THE U.S. CONSTITUTION, ART. I, §2, CL. 3. 2. Whether the district court erred in enjoining the Secretary of Commerce from reinstating a question about citizenship to the 2020 decennial census on the ground that the Secretary's decision violated the Administrative Procedure Act (APA), 5 U.S.C. 701 et seq. 3. Whether, in an action seeking to set aside agency action under the APA, a district court may order discovery outside the administrative record to probe the mental processes of the agency decisionmaker-including by compelling the testimony of high-ranking Executive Branch officials-without a strong showing that the decisionmaker disbelieved the objective reasons in the administrative record, irreversibly prejudged the issue, or acted on a legally forbidden basis.