Guilty pleas and judge recusal

1. Whether, under the Confrontation Clause, a nontestifying codefendant’s acknowledgment of his guilty plea before the jury constitutes a testimonial statement that directly implicates the defendant when the jury has also been presented with charging allegations expressly identifying both as participants in the criminal conduct underlying the codefendant’s guilty plea. 2. Whether the failure to satisfy the particularized disqualification requirements of 28 U.S.C. § 455(b) may itself weigh against recusal under § 455(a), notwithstanding § 455(a)’s independent requirement that a judge disqualify himself whenever his impartiality might reasonably be questioned.