Police use of deadly force

1. Whether, after Barnes v. Felix, courts reviewing Fourth Amendment deadly-force claims may affirm summary judgment by focusing primarily on the seconds immediately before shots were fired while giving little operative weight to earlier facts bearing on the reasonableness of the officers’ conduct, including failure to announce, erosion of suspicion, escalation, and officer-created danger. 2. Whether a court of appeals may affirm qualified immunity at summary judgment by crediting officers’ later testimony about perceived danger where body-camera footage, physical evidence, and competing reasonable inferences would permit a jury to find that the vehicle was passing or moving away and did not pose an immediate threat when the shots were fired. 3. Whether clearly established law under Tennessee v. Garner, Graham v. Connor, and Sixth Circuit precedent including Smith v. Cupp prohibits deadly force against a fleeing vehicle when, taking the facts in the plaintiffs’ favor, no officer or bystander faced an immediate threat at the moment deadly force was used. 4. Whether pointing firearms at compliant, nonthreatening individuals during an investigation can constitute clearly established excessive force under the Fourth Amendment.