Student phone searches at school

1. Whether, under the Fourth Amendment, a school official may search the digital contents of a student’s cellular phone without a warrant, probable cause, or consent. 2. Whether a school and police may, through a school resource officer partnership, conduct routine criminal investigations of students — searching and interrogating them — under the relaxed standards governing school discipline, rather than the Fourth, Fifth, and Fourteenth Amendment safeguards that would apply if law enforcement acted directly. 3. Whether a court assessing the voluntariness of a thirteen-year-old’s statements must account for the child’s age under J.D.B. v. North Carolina and this Court’s related juvenile precedents. 4. Whether the voluntariness of a confession, and the disputed historical facts underlying it, may be resolved at summary judgment, or must be submitted to a jury under the Seventh Amendment when those facts are genuinely disputed. 5. Whether the Fourth Circuit erred in requiring a § 1983 litigant to prove civil conspiracy by (1) direct proof of an express unlawful agreement and (2) “nefarious motive” of defendants. 6. Whether a court of appeals departs from its adjudicative role, and the principle of party presentation, when it formulates a general legal standard that no party advanced and applies it as the governing rule of decision.