Carroll v. Alabama

1. Whether the Eighth Amendment’s prohibition on cruel and unusual punishment, as interpreted in Atkins v. Virginia, 536 U.S. 304 (2002), and its progeny, requires that a defendant be permitted to present evidence of his intellectual disability at any time before he is executed. 2. Whether the Alabama Supreme Court’s rule that a defendant waives an Atkins claim by failing to raise it at trial or on direct appeal is an adequate state ground that bars federal review of the claim.