Food and Drug Administration, Petitioner v. Wages and White Lion Investments, L.L.C., dba Triton Distribution, et al.

The Supreme Court ruled that the FDA did not act arbitrarily or capriciously when it denied applications to market flavored e-cigarette products, finding the agency's requirement for robust scientific evidence was consistent with the Tobacco Control Act. The Court also clarified the harmless-error standard under the Administrative Procedure Act, determining that the FDA's failure to review marketing plans did not prejudice the outcome.